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Physical Chemistry — Practice Set 4

Phase equilibria and the physical chemistry of solutions: one-component phase diagrams (the p–T plane, the triple and critical points, and the negative solid–liquid slope of water), the phase rule F = C − P + 2, the Clapeyron and Clausius–Clapeyron equations for coexistence lines, Raoult's and Henry's laws and ideal versus real solutions (positive and negative deviations, azeotropes and distillation), the colligative properties (boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression, osmotic pressure Π = cRT, and the van 't Hoff factor i), partial molar quantities and the chemical potential, and activities and activity coefficients in real solutions. Equations are shown in inline notation.