Premium · Question Bank

Physical Chemistry — Practice Set 3

The second and third laws of thermodynamics: entropy and the Clausius definition dS = dq_rev/T, the Clausius inequality and the direction of spontaneous change (ΔS_total ≥ 0), the Carnot cycle and its efficiency η = 1 − T_c/T_h, Carnot's theorem and the Kelvin–Planck and Clausius statements, refrigerators and heat pumps, the Gibbs (G = H − TS) and Helmholtz (A = U − TS) energies and the sign of ΔG as the criterion of spontaneity, the relation ΔG° = −RT ln K, the third law and absolute (Third-Law) entropies, the fundamental thermodynamic relations and the Maxwell relations, the Gibbs–Helmholtz equation, and the statistical (Boltzmann) view of entropy S = k ln W including the entropy of mixing. Equations are shown in inline notation.