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How atoms combine: ionic bonding and lattice formation, lattice energy and the Born–Landé equation, the Born–Haber cycle, Fajans' rules and covalent character, Lewis structures, resonance and formal charge, exceptions to the octet, VSEPR geometry and bond angles, hybridization, bond polarity and dipole moments, and the bond-order / bond-length / bond-energy relationships. Chemical formulae and equations are shown in full notation.
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